Understanding the Federal Government
The U.S. federal government is divided into three branches, each with its own responsibilities and powers. This structure ensures a system of checks and balances that maintains the integrity of the nation’s democratic process.
The Three Branches of the Federal Government
The Executive Branch
The President is the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government and also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President can sign a bill into law or veto it to prevent it from becoming a law (although the veto can be overridden by a 2/3 vote of the Congress. Once a law is passed, it is the President’s job to execute and enforce the law. The President can issue executive orders, which have the forceof law. The President also has the power of appointment, e.g., judges, members of hiscabinet. The President is limited to two 4-year terms of office.
The Legislative Branch
The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch responsible for lawmaking. It consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state gets two U.S. Senators, elected to six-year terms. The Senate, with 100 members representing states, has broader powers including treaty ratification, impeachment trials, and the ability to filibuster. The House, with 435 members representing districts, initiates revenue bills and has the power to impeach. Both chambers share oversight of the budget.
The Judicial Branch
As head of the judicial branch of government, the U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation and has nine judges. It has the final say in any appeal from a lower court ruling. The Supreme Court has the duty to protect civil rights and liberties by striking down laws that violate the U.S. Constitution. This is called "judicial review". A Supreme Court justice is a non-elected post appointed by the President and holds the position for life.
Our State Elected Officials
Similar to the federal system, Arizona's state government is divided into three branches, each playing a crucial role in governance. These branches work together to manage the state's affairs, from lawmaking to budget approval and judicial oversight.
Executive Branch
The Governor leads the state’s executive branch, with powers to sign law or veto a bill. Power in the budgeting process. Appointment of state department directors and the Arizona Supreme Court.
Establishes a legislative agenda. Can issue executive orders for immediate action. Can call the legislature into Special Session. Can grant reprieves and pardons. Is the commander in chief of the Nation Guard.
The Legislative Branch
The state legislature consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Both chambers share the power to create laws and approve the state budget. The House initiates impeachment proceedings, while the Senate conducts impeachment trials. The Senate also confirms gubernatorial appointments, and both chambers can propose constitutional amendments for voter approval.
The Judicial Branch
The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in the state. It reviews decisions from lower courts and can overturn them. It also has the power to discipline attorneys and oversee the entire Arizona court system. A key role of the court is to determine if laws passed by the state legislature are constitutional.
Understanding Your Local Government
Local government plays a vital role in the daily lives of Arizona residents. From managing city services to setting local policies, your city or town government ensures that community needs are met effectively.
The Role of the Mayor
The Mayor is the city's chief executive, serving as its public face. They oversee city operations, often with the help of a City Manager. The Mayor leads City Council meetings and works with the Council to set policies. While typically lacking veto power over council decisions, they can declare a state of emergency.
The City or Town Council
The City or Town Council is an elected body responsible for passing local laws and ordinances, as well as listening to the concerns of residents. They meet regularly to discuss and vote on issues affecting the community but they do not represent a specific political party.
State Offices and Their Responsibilities
Various state offices in Arizona handle specific responsibilities that are crucial to the state's functioning. Understanding the roles of these offices helps citizens engage with and hold their government accountable.
Key State Offices and Their Functions
Corporation Commission
Regulates public service utilities, overseeing the quality of service and rates charged to customers.
Secretary of State
Acts as the Chief Election Officer, certifying election results and maintaining records of campaign finances and disclosures.
Treasurer
Manages Arizona’s investment portfolio, authorizes state accounts, and oversees state banking services.
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Develops and implements education standards, oversees teacher certification, and manages information about school districts.
Attorney General
Enforces consumer protection and civil rights laws, and prosecutes crimes like white-collar crime and public corruption.
Mine Inspector
Inspects the safety and conditions of mines to protect workers and the public.
Volunteer
